Introduction:
In the democratic framework of India, the principle of judicial review stands as a cornerstone, ensuring the checks and balances essential for the smooth functioning of the government. Judicial review empowers the judiciary to scrutinize the constitutionality of laws and governmental actions, safeguarding citizens' fundamental rights and preserving the supremacy of the Constitution.

Definition and Origin:
Judicial review refers to the power vested in the judiciary to examine the actions of the executive and legislative branches of the government and declare them unconstitutional if they violate the provisions of the Constitution. This concept finds its roots in the United States, where it was established by the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison (1803). In India, judicial review is implicit in the Constitution and has been reinforced through judicial interpretation over the years.

Constitutional Basis:
Article 13 of the Indian Constitution embodies the doctrine of judicial review. It declares that any law enacted by the legislature, which contravenes the fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution, shall be void. Furthermore, Article 32 and Article 226 empower the Supreme Court and High Courts, respectively, to issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and to declare laws or actions unconstitutional.

Role of Judiciary:
The judiciary, through its power of judicial review, acts as the guardian of the Constitution. It ensures that the laws passed by the legislature and actions taken by the executive are in conformity with the constitutional provisions. By adjudicating disputes and protecting individual liberties, the judiciary upholds the rule of law and prevents the arbitrary exercise of state power.

Types of Judicial Review:

1. Legislative Review: The judiciary examines the constitutionality of laws passed by the legislature to ensure they do not violate fundamental rights or the basic structure of the Constitution.
2. Administrative Review: Judicial review extends to the actions and decisions of the executive, including administrative agencies, to prevent abuse of power and ensure adherence to legal norms.
3. Constitutional Review: The judiciary interprets the Constitution and determines its applicability in various contexts, including resolving conflicts between different branches of government and protecting federalism.

Importance:

1. Protection of Fundamental Rights: Judicial review serves as a bulwark against the infringement of fundamental rights by the state, ensuring that individual liberties are safeguarded.
2. Upholding Constitutional Supremacy: By scrutinizing laws and actions, the judiciary reinforces the supremacy of the Constitution, maintaining the balance of power among the organs of the state.
3. Preserving Democracy: Judicial review fosters accountability and transparency in governance, promoting democratic values and preventing the concentration of unchecked power.
4. Legal Certainty: The application of judicial review provides clarity and certainty in the legal system, guiding the conduct of citizens, lawmakers, and administrators within the parameters of the Constitution.

Challenges and Criticisms:
Despite its significance, judicial review in India has faced criticisms, including concerns about judicial activism, delays in adjudication, and the potential for encroachment on the domain of the elected branches of government. Critics argue that excessive judicial intervention may undermine democratic principles and the separation of powers.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, judicial review in India represents a vital mechanism for upholding the rule of law, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring the supremacy of the Constitution. While it faces challenges and criticisms, its role in safeguarding democracy and promoting justice cannot be overstated. As India continues its journey towards progress and development, the judiciary's commitment to impartiality, integrity, and constitutional values remains indispensable in preserving the fabric of the nation's democracy.